Personal Statement On Communication Skills - 1331 Words

Many people are not aware of the communication skills that they lack, most will argue that they have perfect communication skills. Taking interpersonal communication has taught me that my skills are very poor. I walked in thinking there was nothing I can learn about communication and realized that I know little to nothing about communication. Since starting this class I’ve narrowed the skills I need to work on to the following four which includes listening, being more supportive and active, understanding, and improving my self concept. Although all four of these skills are something I can improve I think listening is my main problem. When I think of listening I relate it to just hearing the message. I do not follow the process of listening that was taught in my communication class. Rather than receiving, recalling, rating, and responding, I often hear and skip right to responding. I do believe that because I don’t follow all the steps I forget easily or do not understand things completely, which leads to me either questioning later, or just winging it. I also realized that I have selective listening, because of lack of interest in some conversations I often block out part of the conversation, or lose focus and zone out until the end of the conversation. By then I know little of what was talked about and only respond to what I think is most important to me. Another bad habit I have when it comes to listening is my responding habits, I’m not sure how to respond to mostShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement On Good Communication Skills772 Words   |  4 PagesBased on the positive and negative skills I learned in our group discussion, first, I decided to action plan to develop my skills in communication by, reading books about good communication skills. I think clarifying my objectives and finding common grounds are important for me to improve my communication (Baker, 2013). In other words, explaining what is the purpose of the conversation and building a good rapport with the other person while communicating. Therefore, I decided to find a way to reduceRead MoreEssay on Personal Development Plan: Improving My Relationship1053 Words   |  5 Pagesand my parents have always been my primary learning source of communication. It was modeled for me in a healthy way, but also in a negative way sometimes. I catch myself struggling with my reacting behaviors to negative events, and ways of speaking. This causes me a lot of grief and frustration when I am communicating with people or my loved ones. This would also include my five-year relationship with my boyfriend. My goals of my perso nal development plan are to become a better partner in my relationshipRead MoreUnit 2 Business Resources1106 Words   |  5 Pagesthe recruitment process for a finance worker. My second task will be to prepare a list of employability, personal and communication skills required for working as a finance officer. I will need to write a supporting statement stating the skills I possess which will make me suitable for the job. My final task will be to prepare a report, assessing the importance of employability and personal skills in the recruitment and retention of staff in the accounts department. Recruitment process for a financeRead MoreEffective Communication Within The Context Of Elementary Education1094 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst written statement, there are many levels of complexity that can be identified at the personal, professional, and systemic levels of elementary education. The definition of perception is described in the text, Child Development: A Thematic Approach, â€Å"Perception, interpretation of sensory information from visual, auditory, and other receptors, is the vehicle by which we glean information about the world† (Bukatko, 2004)(pg.190). If you also recall from my first written statement, Grellier GoerkeRead MoreLeadership Questionnaire For Becoming A Leader1261 Words   |  6 Pagesquestionnaire as to How Good are your leadership skill resulting in a score of 76 out of 90 possible points. The area that improvement was indicated was being a good role model includes leading by example alone with showing trustworthiness and integrity. A stro ng leader keeps a positive attitude and can recognize problems and balance any setbacks that need to be addressed. An additional area is finding ways to stimulate the team and help the team develop skills and supported in their efforts to performRead MoreSummary. In This Article, The Most Crucial Part Is Investing1228 Words   |  5 Pagesagrees with the statement â€Å"Hire for character, train for skill.† He believes that if you invest in skill and training that character will come out of it because diligence is required when applying these skills. The article mentions two skills that are very important. These are analytical skills and social skills. Analytical skill is the ability to visualize or solve both complex and uncomplicated problems by making decisions that are sensible given the information. Social skill is any skill facilitatingRead MoreCommunication with Children and Young People983 Words   |  4 Pages Page 1 Communication and professional relationships with children young people and adults Good professional relationships can be a rewarding way for two or more people to work together and help each other after moving on to other opportunities. A lack of a professional relationship on the other hand, can lead to lost productivity and hard feelings at work. Many people don t think that they have the skills necessary to build professional relationship, butRead MoreEnglish 105 Composition And Challenging Critical Thinking Skills1152 Words   |  5 Pagesthe construction and revisions of a series of credible and impressive essays. It incorporates unique research skills and challenging critical thinking skills. English 105 is an introduction to different styles of writing and the importance writing has as a form of communication. Through disclosure to a variety of college level reading skills, the students will build critical reading skills, and will be able to respond to specific learning in a variation of ways. Students will write about their ownRead More Developing Communi cation Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication skills are vital to the manager’s success. A manager must be an effective communicator to lead people. Assessing your communication skills is the key to your success; nevertheless, most people fail to recognize the role communication plays. When assessing your communication abilities, it is essential to review your interpersonal communication skills. Interpersonal skills are the most crucial skill that is needed to be an effective manager. Interpersonal communication skills are aRead MoreEssay on Effective Communication Skills1315 Words   |  6 Pageseffective leader is to develop effective communication skills. Communication is the transmission of meaning from one person to another or to many people, whether verbally or non-verbally (Barrett, 2006). Effective communication enables leaders to lead. Effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact information or idea that the sender intended to covey. As a leader, studying the communication process is important. Communication skills, including the ability to problem solve

Similarities Between Frederick Douglas And Malcom X

For some education is a foregone conclusion, particularly those who are wealthy and have means to attend an institution of higher learning. Education is not the sole purview of the wealthy, while having means provides a lower bar for entry, lack of means does not prevent one from enlightening the self. Such is the case for both Frederick Douglas and Malcom X, two men who enlightened themselves without access to the wealth that tethers education to those of the upper class. Hard work and determination can win the day and bestow a freedom that only an advanced education offers. These two men are shining examples of what can be accomplished when someone refuses to be denied an education. This story tells about, Malcolm X and Fredrick Douglas,†¦show more content†¦As Malcom X emphasized, â€Å"Mr. Muhammad, to whom I was writing daily, had no idea of what a new world had opened up to me through my efforts to document his teachings in books†. (444) Becoming a minister of M uhammad, he fought for African-Americans civil rights. Fredrick Douglass who started life as a slave on Master Hughes plantation was taught to write by his Mistress in the beginning. As time went on Douglass’ Master forbade his wife from teaching Douglass any more lessons. Douglass has often said, My mistress, who had kindly commenced to instruct me, had, in compliance with advice and direction of her husband, not only ceased to instruct, but had set her face against my being instructed by anyone else†. (403) Douglass was heartbroken as his Mistress’s ceased to teach him and his thirst for knowledge grew. When Douglass first became the Mistress’ slave, she treated him with respect, took care of him, and began to teach him the basics of education. After being told by Master Hughes to stop Douglass’s education the Mistress went above and beyond that order. Where she once would bring them newspapers to read together, she would now not let him anywhere near a newspaper for fear of her husband’s repris al. Even through all this he still yearned to learn. In order to finish learning how to read Douglass constructed a plan. He planned to learn to read by making friends with

A Woman In Berlin Free Essays

It seems obvious that a civilian population would experience and have a perspective on warfare than members of the military, but for those who perpetrate warfare – mainly the multi-national moneyed corporate interests, the bankers and stockbrokers, and the politicians who ultimately give the orders while rarely – if –ever – suffering the direct consequences, it seems to matter little. It has been this way throughout human history, but up until the advent of mechanized warfare, it was primarily soldiers, whose job it is to carry out orders, who experienced the consequences first-hand. Civilian populations have suffered these consequences periodically throughout history as well, but it was after the development of mechanized slaughter that civilians became regular first-hand victims of the horrors of war. We will write a custom essay sample on A Woman In Berlin or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American Civil War and the First World War had brought this to civilian populations on a wide-scale basis to some extent, but it was really the Second World War in which mechanized warfare had been perfected to the point that virtually any civilian population could be affected – including that of Germany. The Germans had been subject to humiliation and hunger following the First World War as well as major economic upheavals – conditions that allowed Hitler to come to power in the first place. Nonetheless, German villages, cities and infrastructure had survived the 1914-1918 conflict nearly intact. This was not the case during the Second World War. Germany, for a brief time had been the world’s great superpower, which seemed only fitting to its people – particularly after the country’s spectacular rise prior to hostilities, and the apparent ease with which German forces had secured lebensraum for the deutsches leute. The anonymous author of A Woman In Berlin, a day-by-day account of Berlin’s fall and subsequent occupation by Soviet military, gives us a vivid account of the subsequent disbelief, the initial clinging to hope in the face, the changed perspective on everyday life, and the various survival tactics employed. Mainly however, it is a story of the transition from feelings of power over one’s fate to powerlessness, and what issues, formerly trivial, take on monumental importance in the face of a struggle simply to survive: â€Å"Heart, hurt, love, desire – how foreign, how distant those words sound now. Evidently a sophisticated, discriminating love life requires three square meals a day. † 1 It is also an experience of life stripped to its bare essentials: â€Å"Once again, we see what a dubious blessing technology is. Machines with no intrinsic value, worthless if you can’t plug them in somewhere. Bread however is absolute. †2 In light of this, it is fascinating to see how people – at least in the beginning – grasp on to any semblance of order as civilization collapses about them. On page 13 is a stark example of the unique cultural traits of the German people of that time; cultural traits that had allowed Hitler and the Nazi party to seize the power that eventually led to the downfall: despite the lack of enforcement, despite the fact that the tram is nearly empty, the narrator walks alongside it in a pouring simply because she does not have the Class III ticket that would entitle her to ride. â€Å"Order. It’s rooted deep inside us; we do what we are told. 3 As the Russians enter the city, suddenly, they are no longer a distant, faceless enemy; they are humans like the German civilians, but unlike the Germans, they are predominantly young, male, relatively well-fed – and enraged. It is not always acknowledged that the Russians suffered far greater casualties than the U. S. , Great Britain and the free garrisons from countries such as France and Poland combined. According to the official Nazi party line, Slavs, i. . Russians, were little better than Jews, Gypsies and homosexuals. Despite ukaz Stalina (Stalin’s decree), repeated acts of rape and assault occur. As one Russian insists: â€Å"What did the Germans do to our women? †4 revealing that these are not acts of lust or sexual hunger; these are acts of vengeance. Ultimately, and perhaps inevitably, hunger and safety needs – the lowest needs on Maslow’s hierarchy – take priority as the vanquished adapt in order to survive. The narrator is willing to submit to â€Å"Only one† in order to avoid being gang-raped. Even during the act itself, she’s â€Å"only half present, and that half is no longer resisting. †5 Eventually, she must find â€Å"a single wolf to keep away the pack. †6 Ultimately, even the men â€Å"adapt,† surrendering and serving the conquerors; despite orders not to surrender, the desire to live wins out. One difference between Soviet combat troops and that of every other combatant is the presence of women: â€Å"We’re amazed to see so many woman soldiers, with field tunics, skirts, berets and insignia†7 It is unclear from the narrative if the presence of Russian women prevented the brutish behavior from being worse than it was, but it is noteworthy that eventually, victor and vanquished are on first-name basis, actually interacting on a human level. One stark difference between the civilian and the military perspective stands out in bold relief: in the military, there is usually a bond of brotherhood among the soldiers of a given unit. In the heat of battle, a soldier isn’t fighting for his flag, for geo-political advantage or territory; they’re fighting for their comrades. On the other hand, among the civilians, it seems to come down for every man or woman for his/herself: â€Å"I couldn’t care about the lot of them†¦all my feelings seem dead, except for the drive to live. †8 This story is a history of a little-known chapter of World War II, but it is more importantly a testament to the overwhelming power of the survival instinct. How to cite A Woman In Berlin, Papers

Christianity In Religion free essay sample

The focus of this study is the contribution of signi? cant people, ideas, practices and ethical teachings to an understanding of Christianity as a living religious tradition. The study of Christianity is to be of the WHOLE tradition where applicable. Outcomes A student: H1 explains aspects of religion and belief systems H2 describes and analyses the in? uence of religion and belief systems on individuals and society H4 describes and analyses how aspects of religious traditions are expressed by their adherents H5 evaluates the in? uence of religious traditions in the life of adherents H6 organises, analyses and synthesises relevant information about religion from a variety of sources, considering usefulness, validity and bias H7 conducts effective research about religion and evaluates the ? ndings from the research H8 applies appropriate terminology and concepts related to religion and belief systems H9 coherently and effectively communicates complex information, ideas and issues using appropriate written, oral and graphic forms. Signi? cant Person or School of Thought Criteria †¢ explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of ONE signi? cant person OR school of thought, other than Jesus, drawn from: – Paul of Tarsus – Hildegard of Bingen – Martin Luther – Catherine Booth – Pope John XXIII – Billy Graham – Dennis Bennett – Sarah Maitland – Liberation Theology – Feminist Theology – another person or school of thought signi? cant to Christianity Content Paul of Tarsus Practices, traditions, non-Jewish inclusion into the Church are all a result of Paul Paul? s teachings are at the heart of Christian bioethics The church â€Å"we† worship may be described as a ?Pauline Church?. He has a contemporary in? uence on Christianity today, and he spoke to the wider Christian community, not just the Catholics. Pre-conversion: Saul (Hebrew? ) Post-conversion: Paul (Greek? ) †¢ analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity Ethics 1 Wee-An Tan Criteria describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Content Bioethics (Textbook Summary) Bioethics: Science which establishes a system of medical and environmental priorities for survival. It is a branch of ethics concerned with health care and biological sciences the morality issues of abortion, euthanasia, IVF and organ transplants. Some Christians believe in using natural law to determine their response. For most Churches, the principles of sanctity of life, stewardship and respect for unity and procreation of sexual intercourse are the basis of their ideas on bioethics. Seventh World Congress on Bioethics held in Sydney in 2004. Signi? cant Practices in the lives of believers: Criteria †¢ describe ONE signi? cant practice within Christianity drawn from: – Baptism – Marriage ceremony – Saturday/Sunday worship Content Saturday/Sunday Worship †¢ demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity †¢ analyse the signi? cance of this practice for both the individual and the Christian community Notes: †¢ explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of ONE signi? cant person OR school of thought, other than Jesus, drawn from: – Paul of Tarsus †¢ analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity About PAUL: First Christian theologian, interpreter, writer. Practices, traditions, non-Jewish inclusion into the Church are all a result of Paul Teachings are at the heart of Christian bioethics Church â€Å"we† worship may be described as a ? Pauline Church?. He spoke to the wider Christian community, not just the Catholics. Primary sources for Paul are his letters, esp. Galatians and 1 2 Corinthians. 2 Wee-An Tan Secondary sources: The book of the Acts of the Apostles, but it is a secondary view (he did not write it). Later sources: Vatican Codex, C4 CE (Paul lived in C1 CE). From Tarsus, Paul was a Hellenistic Jew. He was a Roman Citizen and a Pharisee. From Acts, it is shown that he had a Pharisiac education (highest social standing among Jews). Although he was a Jew, he was a Roman Citizen (a major impact later), which meant that his parents were distinguished in some way. Paul was born quite wealthy. The letters which he wrote demonstrate his training in Greek literature, philosophy (Aristotle, Plato) and rhetoric. Paul, in his youth, was a devout Jew. He believed that the preachers of the Messiah would fracture the Jewish community, and was an enemy of the Church. During a raid on Christians, journeying to/from Damascus (? ), he suddenly fell down, was blinded and heard a heavenly voice. He comes to realise that he has been misguided he was healed in a similar process to Jesus? healing. He ? rst listened, and then in three days (3 = religious signi? cance), his sight was restored. This was the moment of his conversion. Paul never met Jesus, merely the risen Christ. The focus of contemporary Christianity is the risen Christ, as well as the call to conversion that everyone can have (like Paul, they do not need to have ? met? Christ). Christ had not persecuted him, but shown him love. Paul preached a message of love: levels of love a Greek concept Eros, Filial, Agape. Paul realises that people did not have to be Jewish to convert anyone could meet the risen Christ, and became known as the Apostle to the Gentiles. He was a Christian missionary in Syria, Asia Minor and Greece on a number of journeys. At the time, Greek was the major language of commerce and trade Paul preached in Greek to educated people. To non-educated people, he might have spoken Latin. He would have spoken in Aramaic to Jews, or Hebrew (in a religious context). He preached both in synagogues and to gentiles, and established the practice of house churches meeting at houses, especially for Gentiles, separated to the Jewish practice. They were the ? rst churches people who were clean and unclean (according to Jewish ritual) could meet together. Post-conversion, Paul travelled constantly, more than any other apostles did. He was frequently opposed by both local Jewish and gentile leaders. He used letters to communicate to churches. He established both men and women in charge of a church group (e. g. Lydia). Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus The GENERAL contribution of Paul to the development and expression of Christianity Established Christian communities throughout the Mediterranean area Wrote 14 letters and takes up over 50% of the New Testament Opened Christianity to Gentiles Fashioned foundational Christian beliefs Went on missions to spread Christianity 3 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of theology and principal beliefs Teachings about God 1. The ethical God: Romans 2:4: â€Å"Do you not realise God? s kindness is meant to lead you to repentance? † + Paul taught that God? s ethics were just, merciful and kind, and an ethical God allowed for redemption. + Knowing God through love, good work and learning about God would, according to Paul? s Phariseein? uenced ideas of imperfect humanity, allow for redemption in God (repentance and reconciliation lead to salvation). 2. God is merciful: Romans 9:15: â€Å"I will have mercy on whom I have mercy and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion† + Ethics and mercy go hand-in-hand a believer who has faith and is sincere in wanting mercy will receive mercy. Teachings about Jesus 1. Jesus is the Son of God: Phillipians 2:6-11 â€Å" he always had the nature of God Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the father† + Paul taught that Jesus was, in his nature, inseparable from God. Jesus was a fully divine risen Christ. 2. Jesus? Humanity: Phillipians 2: 6-11 â€Å" took the nature of a human being†. + Paul emphasised the two natures of Jesus Christ, divine and human Jesus was the incarnation of God. He was born and lived a human, yet was the Son of God. Teachings about theology 1. The Trinity: Galatians 4:6 â€Å"God sent the spirit of his son† 1 Corinthians 12:3 â€Å"No one can confess that Jesus is Lord, without being guided by the Holy Spirit† + Tied into humanity of God Father, Son and Holy Spirit. 2. Salvation: 1 Corinthians 15:2 â€Å"you are saved by the gospel, if you hold it ? rmly unless it is for nothing you believed† + Paul teaches theology of atonement, ideas of baptism and salvation. Offers believers assurance that God is a saviour. + According to Paul, humans are saved in God through good works and faith in Jesus Christ. Example of the biblical patriarch Abraham, who received God? s blessing and passed it on through â€Å"the righteousness of faith† (Romans 4:13) 4 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of Ethics (as opposed to Jewish traditional ethics) Teachings about love, the Law of God Romans 12:8 â€Å"Love is the ful? lling of the law† Paul taught that love was the summation and ful? llment of the law. The basic premise of Paul? s ethical teachings was love love, and the love of others, was an ethic. 1 Cor 13 is a poetic essay on agape love (pure, unconditional love) He also taught that love was a call to action, and guided the lives of believers. Teachings about Behaviour Col 3:5 â€Å"Put to death, therefore, whatever in you is earthly: Fornication, impurity, passion, evil desire and greed. † Col 3:8 â€Å"But now you must get rid of all such things anger, wrath, malice, slander and abusive language do not lie. † Teachings on virtues and vice Models of behaviour (Galatians 5:22-23, Phillipians 4:8) and behaviours to avoid. According to Paul, faith in Christ is manifest through the words and actions of believers, and Christian love should be exempli? ed in all relationships. Teachings about the Law Galatians 2:21 â€Å"For if justi? cation comes through the law then Christ died for nothing† Galatians 3:18 â€Å"For if the inheritance (salvation) comes from the law, it no longer comes from the promise (to Abraham)† Romans 12:8 â€Å"Love is the ful? lling of the law† The ? Law? (mitzvot) as it has been handed down through the Jewish tradition since the time of Abraham Moses has been superseded and set aside by faith in Jesus Christ and the laws of Christ (i. e. love). Christian adherents need not submit to Mosaic Law to follow Jesus. A new covenant means a new understanding of faith in Christ. 5 Wee-An Tan Explain the contribution to the development and expression of Christianity of Paul of Tarsus Contribution of Paul to the understanding of Rituals, Roles and Prayer Teachings on Sat/Sun Worship Outline: Saturday or Sunday worship is the focus of Christian public worship, and during this act of worship, the Eucharist, Lord? s Supper or Holy Communion is celebrated. The main rite through which Christians worship God. Acts 13:13-14 [Paul visits the synagogue on the Sabbath] Various Epistles of Paul [af? rm seventh-day rest, freedom from legalistic requirements to observe Sat/ Sun]. Teachings on the Eucharist Outline: The practice of a ritual meal in which the life, death and resurrection of Christ was recalled has its origins in the earliest Christian churches known as the Eucharist (Greek for thanksgiving) Corinthians 11 [Paul gave his authority to the way in which the Eucharist should be conducted; usually referred to as the Institution Narrative, in which Paul prescribes the wording of the ritual action of the Eucharist] Paul quotes a very early Christian source of Christ? s words: This is my body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of me. † In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me. † + explanation of the meaning of the Eucharist and stipulations about its practice + Established the ritual meal of Eucharist then in? uenced the ongoing Christian tradition – even though great differences still exist between denominations as to the nature of the presence of Christ in the liturgical event. Teachings on Baptism Outline: Baptism is an initiation and ritual that a person must go through to become part of the church. Christians have been baptising since the time of Jesus, because it was a direct command to the Apostles Romans 6:11 â€Å"dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus† + The importance of baptism, Paul explains, is that baptism initiates a new life of grace and purity. + The sinner symbolically dies, baptised into the death of Jesus, and the person who emerges is alive to God. Analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity The GENERAL effect/impact of Paul on Christianity Immediate impact Established many churches very quickly because of his belief that the end of the world was imminent. This energised and consolidated the churches Relied on his knowledge of the Hebrew Scriptures to answer any questions that people had at the time He laid down foundational beliefs of Christianity such as: Gods grace is for all, the church is the body of Christ and justi? cation of faith (salvation of faith) Long term impact Letters attributed to him are included in the bible Teachings in? uenced future generations on how to behave and live Teachings have infused every aspect of Christian teachings Letters are used in catholic liturgies and other prayer services 6 Wee-An Tan Paul continued Jesus? view that women are important and are to be respected because they are part of God? s kingdom. Analyse the impact of this person OR school of thought on Christianity Overall impact of Paul: Cultural background, Roman citizen, knowledge of Greek was vital in the expansion of early Christian communities throughout the Mediterranean. He communicated the message of Christ outside of Jerusalem. His message of the justi? cation of faith (Rom 3:28) was instrumental in the Protestant Reformation (schism) in the 16th Century. Paul clari? ed the major teachings of the church, particularly those on Christ (1 Timothy 3:16 ? he appeared in human form, was shown to be right by the spirit? ) and Salvation (Rom 10:4 ? everyone who believes is put right with God? ). Missionary Journeys: Three major missionary journeys in 44, 48, 55CE, established the church throughout the Roman empire. Paul preached to Gentiles and Jews the communities he founded evolved into contemporary Christian churches. After establishing a group of followers, he would gather them in a house church for prayer, teaching and Eucharist. Over time he would appoint elders to lead the church. His missionary journeys increased the resilience of the Church. Council of Jerusalem 48CE Con? ict about the status of Gentile believers, Council of Jerusalem centralised differences within communities. Paul opened the church to Gentiles they did not have to circumcised or follow Jewish dietary laws (Rom 3:21-30). Paul? s Gentile Christianity survived as the Jewish-Christian movement died out, and Paul? s followers wrote much of the New Testament. Signi? cance for adherents today Letters of St. Paul are signi? cant in the lives of adherents, as they are used in Christian services (Sat/Sun worship). The letters are used in private devotion, and Paul is a source of inspiration and guidance because of the example of his devout faith. †¢ describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Describe and explain Christian ethical teachings on bioethics OR environmental ethics OR sexual ethics Bioethics BIOETHICS: 1. Branch of ethics concerned with health care and biological sciences issues of morality and implications of new biological discoveries and biomedical advances. 2. Ethics concerned with issues surrounding health care and the biological sciences. These issues include the morality of IVF, new research in genetic engineering including cloning and stem cell research. CHRISTIAN ETHICAL ISSUES Honouring God’s image – [Genesis 1:26-17]; one must consider God’s wisdom and power in the creation of mankind. 7 Wee-An Tan Prevention of Suffering – [Acts 10:38, Luke 9:2]; embryonic stem cell harvesting: the embryo is in fact destroyed in the process. Stewardship of Creation – [Genesis 1]; prohibits exploitations and manipulations that would destroy natural balance or degrade God’s created world. Human Dignity – [Genesis 1:27, Acts 17:28] – People (despite their life stage) should be treated with respect for their individual qualities, not just used for scientific investigation. Seventh World Congress on Bioethics held in Sydney in 2004. Some Christian denominations believe in using natural law. For most Churches, the principles of sanctity of life, stewardship and respect for the unity and procreation of sexual intercourse are the basis of their ideas on bioethics. STEM CELLS Every organ, tissue and cell has stem cells. They are able to divide and self renew; could regenerate the entire organ from a few cells. May be used to repair or replace damaged tissues – reversing diseases and injuries such as cancers, heart disease and blood disease. STEM CELL RESEARCH Human life begins at fertilisation: conception Catholic/Orthodox concept of natural law. The sperm from a human male and the ovum from a human female living human being – a human embryo. Ethical issues: In Australia, legislation states that no embryo may be created for the purpose of this research or to generate stem cell lines. Research Involving Human Embryos Act 2002 (Cth) – allows for regulate use of an appropriate number of excess embryos in approved search programs. In Australia, all research involving humans must be approved by Human Research Ethics Committees. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH Human embryos: rich source of stem cells. Differentiate into all types of cells. Capable of becoming a more specialised type of cell, e. g. nerve cell, skin cell, etc. Advantages: Flexible – potential to make any cell; Availability – from IVF clinics. Disadvantages: likely to be rejected; tumorigenic; destroys developing human life. Use human embryos for: Replace or heal damage tissues. Study the development of diseases. test drugs or trial new methods of reproductive technology. Contrast in new life-saving treatments – death-dealing to the human embryos. NON-EMBRYONIC STEM CELL RESEARCH (ADULT STEM CELLS) Replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Found in children, adults and umbilical cord blood. Advantages: Does not experience immune rejection, ease of procurement, non-tumorigenic, no harm done to donor. Disadvantages: Do not live as long, less flexible in application. Adult stem cells shown to help more than 70 medical conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, blood diseases and heart damage. CATHOLIC ANGLICAN 8 Wee-An Tan SUPPORTS: PERS Research and treatments involving bone marrow. PECTI Ongoing research into the use of adult stem cells. VE Adult stem cell research and therapies are approved because they do not destroy life and may provide cure or improved quality of life for the infirm. SUPPORTS A): Adult stem cell research and the use of the therapies that my result. The Bible is the principle source of ethical teaching. For and against stem cell research may use the same biblical text to explain their stance. SUPPORTS B): Embryonic stem cell research uses a 14 day postOPPOSED: fertilisation criteria. Research using embryonic stem cells that have Creation, cultural or dominion mandate of Genesis been obtained through standard in-vitro fertilisation 1:26-28. procedures. God has called us to play God, using IVF to help people Research using embryonic stem cells that may in have babies and using embryonic stem cells and genetic the future be created by cloning. research to heal people and shape humanity’s future. Every human being is precious from the very Humanity is often seen as co-creator with God in this beginning of his or her life, until natural death. example. Human life and dignity should never be exploited OPPOSED B): or harmed for the sake of science. Stem cell research on the basis that it is never permissible to do wrong (destroy the life of the embryo) in order that good for some may result. â€Å"For God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil† [Genesis 3]. Emphasises that humanity is not to play God – choosing whose life to save or not and interfering with the natural order. Biblical references: Provincial Synod: QUOT Jeremiah 1:5 – â€Å"Before I formed you in the womb ES/ I knew you, and before you were born I EVID consecrated you†. ENCE Exodus 20 – The Ten Commandments â€Å"You Shall not Kill†. Church Documents: Donum vitae I, I – â€Å"Human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Domun vitae I, 5 – â€Å"It is immoral to produce human embryos destined to be exploited as disposable ‘biological material’†. IN-VITRO FERTILISATION (IVF) Egg cells are fertilised by sperm outside of the womb; ova (eggs) are removed from the female’s ovaries, and sperm fertilises them into a fluid medium. The fertilised egg (zygote) is then transferred into the patient’s uterus. Ethical Issues: Bypassing the natural method of conception Life in a laboratory. unnatural environment/substances Fertilization of more embryos than necessary (a ‘waste of life’) Discarding of excess embryos Keeping them in limbo – freezing them Destruction of embryos in research Creates embryos for medical purposes CATHOLIC ANGLICAN Opposed to most kinds of in-vitro fertilisation. Differs depending on the diocese. The use of excess embryos and their destruction are The Bible tells of God’s work in assisting infertile opposed due to the rights embryos receive as the couples to conceive (e. g. Abraham). Some PERSPE earliest stage of life. fundamentalists interpret IVF as intervening on CTIVE God’s behalf and therefore approve of the use of IVF in God’s creation. 9 Wee-An Tan Catechism Of The Catholic Church: Anglican Primate, Peter Carnley, in 2002: 2375 – â€Å"Research aimed at reducing human sterility Anglican church expresses concern over the loss of is to be encouraged†. fertilised ova. Condemning the use of IVF for same sex couples. 2376 – â€Å"†¦ dissociation of husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The right of the child to have a mother and a father. 2377 – â€Å"†¦They dissociate the sexual act from the QUOTES procreative act†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We are â€Å"co-creators with god† through IVF and / stem cell research, and this is right/wrong EVIDEN Church Documents: (depending on Synod) CE Donum vitae II – â€Å"†¦voluntary destruction of human embryos occurs too often. † Donum vitae II, 4 – â€Å"†¦ deprived of the meaning and the values which are expressed in the language of the body and the union of human persons†. CLONING Precise genetic copy is created. Reproductive cloning – creation of a clone for the purpose of allowing it to progress to the birth of a living child. Therapeutic cloning – creates a clone and then destroys it at an early stage in order to harvest embryonic stem cells from it, or to use it to produce medicines, or for research. CATHOLIC PERSPECTIVE QUOTES/ EVIDENCE Strongly opposed to any form of human cloning. Links to stem cell research – the creation of the embryos for the purpose of experimentation and their destruction are immoral acts. Right to be born of a father and mother. To separate the reproductive act from the sexual act is morally unacceptable. Donum vitae I, 4 – â€Å"Medical research must refrain from operations on live embryos, unless there is a moral certainty of not causing harm to the life of integrity of the unborn child and the mother†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pope John Paul II – â€Å"†¦manipulation and destruction of human embryos, are not morally acceptable†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"None of us lives to himself, and none of us dies to himself†¦ in life and death we are the Lord’s† [Romans 14:7-9] PERSPECTIVES: ANGLICAN Condemns human cloning. PROTESTANTS PRESBYTERIANS ORTHODOX Same views on Generally disapprove No situation in which cloning as the Catholic all forms of cloning. cloning human beings Provincial Synod: Church. would be acceptable. â€Å"†¦ the creation of a human life, either by An attempt to create fertilisation or by any other means of human beings in man’s creation for the purpose of destroying that image rather than God’s. life in research fails to recognise the value and purpose God assigns to human life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ETHICAL TEACHINGS: BIOETHICS Authority for Christian Ethics: Scriptures (The Bible) Experience (inspiration from the Holy Spirit) Tradition (Authority of leaders) Logic (Reason) Natural Law: The belief that God created everything perfectly so if we study the way life works and learn the laws of Nature, we will learn how to behave 10 Wee-An Tan Catholic Church: Based on God? s revelation through the bible and natural law, the church? s tradition and the exercise of reason Donum Vitae (Gift of Life) asserts that the life of every human being is to be respected in an absolute way from the very instant of the commencement of his or her existence until death Abortion is therefore seen by Catholics as against natural law and God? s law Genetic testing of unborn babies is permissible if the aim is to bene? t the child Donum Vitae (Gift of Life) use embryos as the object of instrument of experimentation constitutes a crime against their dignity as human beings The CC is strongly opposed to voluntary euthanasia The document also argues that the natural method of conception is sexual relationships within marriage the use of donor sperm, surrogate motherhood and arti? cial insemination = no Evangelical: Rely on God? s revelation of himself through the bible The Anglican Archbishop life begins at conception ? abortion and stem cell research on embryos are wrong life in the womb begins w/ conception it would be arbitrary to chose any other point at which the child develops value Reject the concept of surrogacy Liberal: Many see the bible as a pre-scienti? c book The best person to make the decision to proceed with an abortion is the pregnant woman, after consultation with her family, friends and trusted advisers. Voluntary euthanasia might be an appropriate thing ETHICS: 1/3/2012 Preliminary Link: Decalogue Ten Commandments (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:1-22). Essence of the Jewish collection of laws. Who God is, and what is required to live in right relationship with God. Still considered the foundation of all Christian ethics. Jesus was asked about the role of the Ten Commandments, Mosaic Law, Mitzvah. Jesus summarised the decalogue as a commandment of Love (Jesus? Commandment of Love: Lk 10:25-27). SUMMARISES Hebrew and Christian ethical teachings. Double love commandment. The whole point of living an ethical life is the endgame heaven. The Beatitudes: Mt 5:3-10, Lk:6-20-26 + Positive attitude to being all you do should be done with peace and harmony in mind, etc. + Worded less black-and-white Jesus: Actions are the model for Christians. What should motivate and structure believers? actions. e. g. advocate peace, be concerned for the poor and oppressed. Jesus also saw the inherent dignity of people, as they were created by God. Paul: The teacher of the ? love ethic?. Paul is a SOURCE OF CHRISTIAN ETHICAL TEACHINGS, not just a teacher he was a major theological contributor to Christian ethical understandings, esp. love. Especially important for Protestant Christians. Romans 12:10: Love is the ful? lling of (Mosaic) law. 1Cor 16:14: Let all that you do be done in (agape) love. Natural Law: 11 Wee-An Tan Ethics are systems, not values, not morals. Systems are informed by faith underpinnings e. g. magisterium of the church, patriarchal writings, theology, love, etc. Different denominations of Christianity place different focus on areas of ethics. Natural law is one example of an ethical system. Natural law is based on the natural law of the universe, established in the period of creation e. g. Genesis, tells us of the natural order of things (divinity + omnipotency + transcendence of God, God as a creator, God? s creations as goodness, the right relationship between man and woman, humans are stewards of creation etc. ). I. e. anything done that does not ? t in that natural law violates it. Thomas Aquinas: C13th theologian, key to the Catholic Church. Wrote that all human beings seek goodness. If anything wants to be good, it has to ful? l what it was made to be. Some actions are, in and of themselves, good and evil. Particularly important to bioethics procreation, sex and abortion. Biblical ethics: Christians vary in the status given to the Bible. Love ethics comes from the Bible, and the reading + context of a text are important. E. g. Catholic Christians do not go to the Bible ? rst, but interpretations of the Bible and the Catechism, etc. Protestants: Lutherans, methodists, congregationalists, UCA (? ) go to the bible ? rst. Pentecostalists go to their minister ? rst. Situation ethics are secular ethics, interpreted from a Christian slant. Fletcher, a Christian writer, believes that the situation determines what is right and wrong, e. g. Jesus rejecting traditional laws (harvesting wheat on the Sabbath) was ? right? while violating Mosaic Law. This MIGHT allow, in some circumstances, a woman to seek an abortion. †¢ describe ONE signi? cant practice within Christianity drawn from: – Baptism – Marriage ceremony – Saturday/Sunday worship †¢ demonstrate how the chosen practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity †¢ analyse the signi? cance of this practice for both the individual and the Christian community 12 Wee-An Tan Describe one signi? cant practice: Saturday or Sunday worship (NOT mass Catholic, divine liturgy orthodox). Saturday or Sunday worship is the focus of Christian public worship, and during this act of worship, the Eucharist, Lord? s Supper or Holy Communion is celebrated. Baptism is mostly celebrated during Sunday worship. The main rite through which Christians worship God. Called Mass, Lord? s Supper, Service of the Mysteries or Divine Liturgy depending on church. General Characteristics: †¢ Welcome, Opening Rite †¢ Scripture readings reading of and meditation upon the Word of God †¢ Psalm prayer †¢ Preaching or Homily, a re? ection on the meaning of God? s Word in the lives of those gathered †¢ Offertory people process to the altar, to offer bread and wine †¢ Improvised prayer of praise and thanksgiving for God? s work of salvation later became the Eucharistic Prayer †¢ Communion Rite body of Christ is broken and shared among the community (terminology: Breaking of Bread, Eucharist, Lord? s Supper, Mass, Oblation, Sacrament of the altar). †¢ [Some churches include Penitential Rite, Intercessions Prayers of the Faithful, recitation of the Creed on Sundays and major feast days, the Eucharistic Prayer and the Dismissal Rite] A number of actions contribute signi? cantly to Sunday worship: Gestures Elevating eyes and hands, kissing the altar + Gospel book + Cross, sign of peace, extension of hands for blessing or Communion. Actions Bowing, genu? ection, turning, processing Sacraments Imposition of hands, immersion, pouring water, anointment, breaking bread, pouring wine Origins: Original practice is found in the Jewish practice of honouring the Sabbath on Saturdays. The followers of Jesus transferred the day to Sunday, the day of Jesus? resurrection (Mk 16:2, Acts 20:7). From 4CE, councils and Christian laws mandated the obligation of worship on Sunday, prohibiting work. There is no ? rm evidence that Christians believed Sunday was a day of rest, the only day of worship or the only day to celebrate the Eucharist on. Contemporary Christian Churches generally agree that Sunday is observed as the primary holy day of obligation. Orthodox and Eastern churches? (? Eastern rites? ) differ in Sunday worship. They are longer (several hours), use icons and incense, sing the liturgy and hide some of the liturgy behind

Jesse Jaramillo; Zihang Liu Essays - Economics, Economy, Greg Mankiw

Jesse Jaramillo; Zihang Liu Hala Sun Writing 2 26 November 2017 Writing in Economics and Mathematics Field All academic fields involve some kind of writing. Being able to understand writings in your particular field is crucial in determining your success in your career. Of course, varied fields have even more varied writing styles. Literacy is important because it allows members of all fields to read each other's pieces and come to understanding. It allows us all in the academic community to discuss our ideas, learn, and solve major problems. Where the lines blur between fields is where real life issues need to be solved. In this essay we will discuss the unique writing styles in Economics and Math using example texts and interviews with experts in the respective fields. Economics, as a field, is the study of scarcity and what people do with limited resources. Economics, in its broadest sense, deals with production and consumption. The limited resources that are factors of production, the acquisition and consumption of those products are all covered in this wide-reaching field. Economics is heavily driven in theory and research, and there are not many new developments in the field. In other words, the theories that drive Economics are not challenged or changed often. So that the sources Economists can used are in smaller scope compared with in other field. In an interview with a UCSB Economics professor Jesse asked "What is considered good' writing in your field? What should you always and never do?" He answered that a good writing in Economics must be clear, precise, systematic, and use common language. This is summed up well in the introduction to chapter two of the textbook Principles of Macroeconomics by Gregory Mankiw, "Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces.[...] Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist's language." ( Principles of Macroeconomics , pg. 19). It boils down to using common and agreed upon language so that your peers in you field are able to understand your writing. This is extremely important to the clarity of the text. Without common language, passages like, "Because the tax change would alter the incentive for households to save at any given interest rate, it would affect the quantity of loanable funds supplied at each interest rate. Thus, the supply of loanable funds would shift."( Principles of Macroeconomics , pg. 268) would be unclear and lose meaning. Terms like, "loanable funds" and "interest rate" allow the reader, an economics student, to follow the text and comprehend the meaning. We can expect other economic texts about this topic to use the same terms. In the same interview Jesse asked the Economics professor, "What are some things you are expected to know in your field?" He answered that as Economists, we are expected to know basic problems, basic math, statistics, measurements of economic quantities, Supply and Demand, and other theories. There are a lot of basic economic ideas that are needed to understand economic writings. Without knowledge of the basic principles, any writing expanding on these subjects would be lost on the reader. These are foundation pieces on which Economists build their arguments on. We can see how basic concepts are used in order to further the discussion in Nature Genetics, "Casting genomic research as a government priority sent the message that the genome is a public good, that scientific findings were accountable to US taxpayers and that private investment in genomics would be accompanied by vigorous discussion of rules for participation in the new knowledge."( Nature Genetics , pg. 71 5). In this example we can see that the basic knowledge of what private investment and public good are allows us to comprehend the statement made. With basic understanding of foundational concepts, we are able to decipher texts that would otherwise be much too complex to understand. Graphs are used often in Economics. The ability to understand the graph and the theory in the graph is essential in understanding economics. In Figure 1 we can see the changes in Supply and Demand. This (Figure 1, Principles

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What is the Best Job for Your Personality In an ideal world, everyone has a career that they love. But sadly this isn’t always the case. Very rarely will the average person say that they love what they do. Fortunately, there are all sorts of tools out there that measure how compatible a person’s personality is with any given job. If we found out your personality type, what would be the best job for your personality? Would you be willing to change careers if it meant loving what you do?Regardless of what your answer is, take a look at the infographic below that compares various personality types with different career paths and see where you fall.   [BusinessInsider]

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The Right to Fashion - Research Paper Example The paper "The Right to Fashion" discovers rights to fashion. Fashion is clothing, draped to cover a person’s skin and make the person feel beautiful in the process. This paper is a research on how fashion is a right and should be granted to anyone who wants it. Fashion is ‘the make or form of something; the prevailing style (in dressing) during a period of time; or a particular garment dressed in a particular way.’ Every individual has a certain right to dress him or herself the way he or she wants to. Fashion is something that has developed with time and seasons; it is a very creative concept prevalent in everyone’s lives, however only few people make use of it. Some might think fashion is expensive, and to dress themselves like people on the runways costs a great deal, however that notion is not completely true, and it is anything that makes a person look good and feel good, that is fashion. This paper is a reflection of how fashion has changed over the years, developed and grown into better clothing, more appealing, and how the same also has a philosophy behind it. The right to fashion is one of the main criteria for covering this paper, and this paper thus speaks about how this right is a fundamental available to all human beings for their perusal. The philosophy of fashion speaks about how style is different from fashion wearing clothes means helping to give one’s body a sense of appearance that helps to define ourselves. Most people can understand what kind of a person. one is just by the clothes he or she wears. Having an eye for detail or for fashionable clothing helps to up a person’s level of physical appearance - in the eyes of both himself, and in the eyes of other people around him. (Windermere, Arthur) Not being able to reveal fashion through personal senses, or not being able to dress oneself in the kind of clothing one wants to, is equivalent to the same feeling of having one’s body chained and no t being able to do anything about it. Fashion is like freedom and liberation from the monotonous lives that most people live in the world today. It helps to bring about change and color in a person’s outlook towards life. It helps a person to feel light and also helps to alter his or her mood. In Ancient Greece, men and women wore loose cloths called togas held and fastened together at one end of the shoulder with the help of a fashionable brooch. This garment helped them to feel free and wander around with more ease, however with time; it became repetitive because the toga was worn only in white clothing. That is why, women and men alike, started wearing gladiator shoes and accessorizing themselves with jewellery in order to bring about some sort of differentiation in their looks. This was fashion – dressing oneself as one wanted to, and trying to bring about a sort of look and appearance in the clothing of a person. This same activity and process was carried out in d ifferent parts o the world with respect to different kinds of clothing that were born from the creativity and uniqueness that different people had. Today, they are known as designers, however in those days, they were known as the harbingers of freedom and creativity. Not many women earlier were given the chance to wear clothing as they wanted to. In many cultures of the world, women were not allowed to wear clothing that enhanced their features; many religions around the world as well restrict the kind of fashion a woman can wear so as to not look

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IMPORTANT TO HAVE TWO GUARDS PER SHIFT AT KINDER MORGAN - Essay Example rmation (2012), â€Å"Kinder Morgan monitors and inspects its pipeline system 24-hours a day from its state-of-the-art System Control Center† (Kinder Morgan: Pipeline, 2012, p. 3). Likewise, the organization enjoined the public to assist in ensuring safety and security of the noted assets through reliance on â€Å"neighbors, contractors and government and safety officials to help local field personnel protect the pipeline and identify possible damage or suspicious activity† (Kinder Morgan: Request, 2012, par. 1). It is therefore justifiable that more than one security guard per shift, particularly two security guards per shift, would man identified organization’s physical assets and perimeter due to the following reasons: (1) assets and resources to be guarded are highly volalite and flammable; very costly and any disruption due to theft, pilferage or damage would be detrimental to the organization and to the community it serves; (2) security personnel should be strategically located in diverse sites to ensure that critical risk areas are covered at all times; (3) as noted in the company’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, specifically under the provision of Protection of Assets, it was noted that â€Å"company property or equipment may not be removed from the premises without advance authorization from the employees supervisor. Personal use of Company tools or equipment is prohibited except in case of prior supervisory approval† (Kinder Morgan: Code, 2012, p. 17); th erefore checking and verifying approval protocols necessitate the assistance of an additional security personnel, if and when, immediately required; (4) if one guard needs to be excused at one point in time due to any valid reason (for personal hygiene or to eat, drink or take a quick and much needed snack), there is another one who could fully assume the position which was temporarily left. An organization such as KM, which reportedly discloses that safety, environmental protection, and the

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Production of Lightweight Concrete Decorative Tiles

Production of Lightweight Concrete Decorative Tiles 1.2 Aim To produce the lightweight concrete decorative tiles by using waste materials with different attractive colour and pattern. 1.3 Objectives To achieve the properties of lightweight concrete decorative tiles. To assess the purpose and advantages of lightweight concrete decorative tiles. Design mix of the decorative tiles by different ratio with waste materials. 1.4 Problem statement Lightweight concrete decorative tiles are very common use nowadays. But using waste materials to produce lightweight concrete decorative tiles are still very fresh in our country. 1.5 Scope of study The scope of study for this dissertation is concerned on the lightweight concrete decorative tiles. The purpose for this dissertation is to produce decorative tiles with waste materials . 1.6 Background information Nowadays, building materials become more and more important in construction industry. Concrete has become the most important material for large buildings because it is durable, fire resistant, relatively cheap, and an entire structure can be cast monolithically. Lightweight concrete may be structural concrete that weights slightly less than normal concrete and thus reduces the weight of a structure, or it may be much lighter and used mainly for insulation and sound absorption. It is lighter than the conventional concrete. The use of lightweight concrete blocks has been widely spread across countries. Its advantages are that there is a reduction of dead load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and handling costs. Decorative tiles have been with us from the earliest days of human civilization with some of the earliest examples of decorative wall tiles coming from 4000 years ago. Traces of this rich history can be found in the contemporary decorative tiles we find nowadays. Many techniques were used to create pictures, figures and patterns on pieces of tile. These techniques include glazed clay, encaustic or inlaid clay, mosaic stone, mosaic clay tiles, hand painted tiles, carved and formed tiles, sgraffito (scratched tiles), metallic overlays and transfer printing. These same methods are all used to make decorative tiles today. These are very similar to the pieces made by ancient tilemakers. In fact art tiles as theyre known in the industry, have become the fastest growing trend in tile design and are as coveted my 21st century designers and customers as they were prized by our ancestors. 1.7 Methodology Stage 1 : Literature review This study will review the relevant literature on the lightweight concrete brick and also clay brick. In order to achieve the entire objective, a systematic literature review shall be conducted which will cover reference book in library, institutional and statutory publication, periodicals and trade/academic journals and so on. A research of the relevant information including an internet searching conduct in order to find out the properties of lightweight concrete brick and clay brick. The entire information search from Internet will keep us informed of the future and presence data. Stage 2 : Pilot study Date collection will take the form of a structured postal questionnaire. However, an initial pilot study will be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through in depth test at laboratory. Stage 3 : Testing at laboratory The feedback from pilot study should assist in laboratory experiment . Testing the material that related to my research. Stage 4 : Analysing the experiment result The analysis of the experiment result will take two forms. First is do a comparison with table form. Second is do a result proposal then just do a table and list out the differences between two materials. Stage 5 : Writing the research report This stage involved writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapters proposed in the following section. 1.8 Proposed structure of the dissertation Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature review Chapter 3 Research design and methodology Chapter 4 Analysis of the results and discussion Chapter 5 Conclusion and further study evidence CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is Lightweight Concrete Decorative Tiles ? 2.1.1 Definition of Lightweight Concrete Jeffrey Girard (2006) states that ‘lightweight concrete mixes are commonly used in the construction industry where weight savings is an important factor. One of the most common uses for lightweight concrete is with floor, roof or bridge decks; others include pavement systems, masonry blocks and offshore oil structures. Lightweight concrete is made by replacing some or all of the normal weight aggregate with lightweight aggregate. Often the coarse fraction is replaced with lightweight aggregate and the fines are normal weight sand. Mat Lazim Zakaria (1978) states that ‘lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as nailibility and lessened the dead weight. Mohd Roji Samidi (1997) written that ‘lightweight concrete is lighter than the conventional concrete with a dry density of 300 kg/m3 up to 1840 kg/m3; 87 to 23% lighter. It was first introduced by the Romans in the second century where ‘The Pantheon has been constructed using pumice, the most common type of aggregate used in that particular year. Lightweight are commonly use when weight saving is the important factor such as using in floor, wall, bridge decks or roof. Usually it is made by replacing lightweight aggregate rather than normal weight aggregate to produce lighter in weight and the sand will be remain the same. It also can be made by adding some admixture or expanding agent to increase the volume of the mixture. It will lessen the weight of the concrete. Lightweight concrete can be made to lighter than the conventional concrete up to 23 to 87% still the most common type of lightweight concrete will be replacing the normal aggregate by lightweight aggregate. 2.1.2 History of Decorative Tiles  · Decorative tile has been around since the beginning of recorded history. In fact, some of the earliest records were created on tile that was carved, fired and then preserved in the libraries of kings. Even the glazing of tile has long been practiced, seen in archaeological finds such as the Ishtar Gate of Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (dating to around 575 BC). Tiles were used in mosaics throughout Greece and Italy, often depicting intricate scenes of religious and cultural value. Roman baths were often decorated in tile mosaics, some of which still survive. Early use of decorative tiles was a privilege that was restricted to the upper class and the clergy. The use of ceramic tile became more widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. Italy was a major producer of such tile, and still is today. Tiles used in cathedrals throughout Europe can still be seen today, a testament to their durability. 2.2 Waste Materials Papercrete Papercrete is a building material comprised of a mixture of Portland cement and recycled paper fiber (a light-weight, insulating concrete) . The maximum insulating value is obtained when the dry matrix includes the greatest density of air pockets. High strength is obtained when the paper fiber is thoroughly coated by the portland cement. Papercrete is mixed with Portland cement to obtain an excellent sound absorption quality, to be flame/fungus retardant, and bug/rodent resistant. Since it is relatively light , it is potentially an ideal material for earthquake-prone areas. It can be used in many ways as blocks, panels, poured in place, used like igloo blocks to make a self-standing dome or applied over a framework to make a roof or dome. 2.3 Properties of Lightweight Concrete Decorative Tiles 2.3.1 Compressive Strength For compressive strength, the performance of lightweight concrete is controlled on lightweight aggregates. Two factors enter into the strength of lightweight concrete are the strength of the aggregates and the strength of the hardened cement-water paste. Among the various types of lightweight aggregate, there are large differences in strength and toughness, and all but the strongest lightweight aggregates are likely to be weaker than hardened cement-water pastes within the usual range of cement contents. (American Society for Testing and Materials,1956 pp.241) As the general rule, the strength of a lightweight concrete will be less than that of a concrete of equal cement content but containing aggregates of normal weight. Also, with a given cement content, the lower the strength of the lightweight aggregates the lower will be the strength of the lightweight concrete. (American Society for Testing and Materials,1956 pp.241) In the truth, lightweight aggregate concrete does not have good compressive strength as the density is low. The strongest of the lightweight aggregate concrete is still weaker than the cement paste. The lower the strength of lightweight aggregate, the lower the strength of lightweight concrete. The benefit for lightweight concrete is light in weight, good in insulation and fire resistance. 2.3.2 Sound Insulation and Absorption Lightweight concrete is a perfect impact and air-borne sound absorbing concrete and thus is highly suitable for partition walls and floor screeds or foundations. The air-borne or air contain in the lightweight concrete has better sound absorption. When there is better sound absorption, the better for the sound insulation. It is suitable to use for partition walls and floors which require better sound insulation. 2.3.3 Fire Resistance Lightweight concrete has a better fire resistance than concrete consisting of normal aggregates, because of its lower heat conductivity, and its lower rate of strength loss with rise in temperature . Lightweight concrete has better fire resistance than conventional concrete because it has lower heat conductivity. When the temperature of the lightweight concrete rise, it does not expand quickly like conventional concrete as the density of lightweight concrete is lower. As a result, the lower rate of strength loss will be for the lightweight concrete. It is to prevent the fire spread faster to cause more injuries or losses. If the fire spread one room to another room, the victims in a fire may not able to escape. It is why the covering elements should be better fire resistance. 2.4 Purpose of Decorative Tiles Decorative tiles can be used in a variety of places around the home and in many different ways. While most people think of floor tiling, there are many other places that can be given a fresh look with tiles. They can also be used on kitchen counters, walls and in bathrooms.   Tiles can be great to put on walls behind kitchen and bathroom sinks or around bathtubs as backsplashes. Using tiles as borders around rooms is an effective way of creating a new look. Replacing an old floor with new tiles can create a floor that is easy to care for and doubles as a piece of  art. Decorative tiles can also be used on an individual basis. Tiles that are decorated with a single scene or picture can double as wall art. A few plain tiles and decorating them by hand is a great way to create one-of-a-kind art, specially tailored to an individual room. 2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Table below shows the advantages and disadvantages of using lightweight concrete as structure . Advantages Disadvantages rapid and relatively simple construction Economical in terms of transportation as well as reduction in manpower Significant reduction of overall weight results in saving structural frames, footing or piles Most of lightweight concrete have better nailing and sawing properties than heavier and stronger conventional concrete Very sensitive with water content in the mixtures Difficult to place and finish because of the porosity and angularity of the aggregate. In some mixes the cement mortar may separate the aggregate and float towards the surface Mixing time is longer than conventional concrete to assure proper mixing Table 2 : Advantages and Disadvantages of Lightweight Concrete Source : (Mohd Roji Samidi,1997) 2.6 Benefit of Using Lightweight Concrete Decorative Tile Replacing old wallpaper and flooring with decorative tiles can create a whole new look for a room, without dipping too far into the budget. While it is not uncommon to do a whole floor or wall in tile, they can also be used as accent pieces and borders. Decorative tiles are durable and easy to clean. Weathering tiles, specifically made for outdoor use, can be not only extremely resistant to the elements, but a good source of insulation as well. 2.6.1 Weight Reduction Reduced dead load of wet concrete allows longer span to be poured unpropped. This save both labour and circle time for each floor. Reduces the dead weight of a structure from 1/3 to  ½ the weight of normal concrete. 2.6.2 Thermal insulation A less obvious but nonetheless important characteristics of lightweight concrete is its relatively low thermal conductivity, a property which improves with decreasing density in recent years, with the increasing cost and scarcity of energy sources, more attention has been given the formerly to the need for reducing fuel consumption while maintaining, and indeed improving, comfort conditions buildings. The point is illustrated by fact that a 125mm thick solid wall of aerated concrete will give thermal insulation about four times greater than that of a 230mm clay brick wall. 2.6.3 Fire Resistance A 13 to 15 cm (5-6 inch) thick wall made of 1,100 kg/m3 density lightweight concrete has a fire endurance of 5-7 hours. The same degree of endurance is achievable with a 400 kg/m3 density lightweight concrete that is only l0 cm thick. Lightweight concrete is non-combustible, and the air embedded in lightweight concrete attributes to the high fire-rating. 2.6.4 Sound Insulation Lightweight concrete is a perfect impact and air-borne sound absorbing concrete and thus is highly suitable for partition walls and floor screeds or foundations. 2.6.5 Savings in Material A reduction in dead weight contributes substantially to savings in reinforcement steel in foundations. Therefore, the overall quantity of steel reinforcement in lightweight concrete can be reduced by as much as 10%. Savings are also substantial in transportation, crane- and man-handling related activities as well as in raw materials, as no gravel is required to produce lightweight concrete, only the sand and cement mortar/paste subsequently embedded in the foam (air). Casting very slender walls can optimize the amount of concrete used, which also results in using a very thin layer of plaster. For certain applications, no plaster is required, and gypsum putty is directly applied before painting. Walls as thin as 50 mm can also be cast. The high flow ability of lightweight concrete makes vibration unnecessary, and thus requires vibrating equipment/accessories. 2.6.6 Savings in Manpower and Cost Only a few semi-skilled workers are needed to produce lightweight concrete for the casting or pouring of panels, blocks, or even complete walls for houses. In producing lightweight concrete, steelworks, formworks, brick laying and cement renderings do not constitute major site activities, and therefore the related workers are not required. Workers are only needed to set up cost saving and reusable formworks, and then to remove them for the next erection or casting. Reduction of dead load, faster building rates and lower haulage and handling costs. The eight of the building in term of the loads transmitted by the foundations is an important factor in design, particular for the case of tall buildings. The use of lightweight concrete has sometimes made it possible to proceed with the design which otherwise would have been abandoned because of excessive weight. In frame structures, considerable savings in cost can be brought about by using lightweight concrete for the construction floors, partition and external cladding. Most  building materials  such as clay bricks the haulage load is limited not by volume but by weight. With suitable design containers much larger volumes of lightweight concrete can haul economically. Worker can work faster and better, there should be a reduction in labour cost. This can account for up to 80% of the finished cost. Therefore, handling costs may be lower as well. 2.6.7 Life span of Lightweight Concrete Lightweight concrete has a life-time span (minimum 100 years). Previous investigation has shown that sectioned blocks of cellular concrete cast 10 years ago indicated only 75 percent of the hydrated Cement. It is expected that the strength would continue to increase with continuing hydration. The use of lightweight concrete in many cases has eliminated the use of products like clay bricks, conventional concrete blocks and other insulation materials. 2.7 Design Mix of The Decorative Tiles 2.7.1 Papercrete Formulas – Papercrete (Anon., 2010) provided that ‘But a typical starting formula for a 200-gallon batch is 160 gallons (727 liters) of water, 60 pounds (27 kilograms) of paper, 1 bag or 94 pounds (43 kilograms) of Portland cement and 15 shovelfuls or 65 pounds (29 kilograms) of sand. The sand adds thermal mass, reduces flammability and shrinkage, and packs down the slurry for a denser, stronger block. This is a mixing formula for a 200 gallon batch papercrete. It needed 727 liters of water, 27 kilograms of paper, 43 kilograms of cement and 29 kilograms of sand. The purpose of the sand is to reduce flammability and shrinkage of the papercrete. It also packs down the slurry denser and stronger. 2.7.2 Proportion of Design mix In this project I will produce few samples of design mix for papercrete such as lime, cement and paper sludge mix or cement and paper sludge mix or lime and paper sludge mix. These are to find out which design mix is the most suitable to produce a lightweight concrete decorative tiles. The design mix should able to last longer with its properties.

Assisted Suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted Suicide In reaction to the law the Michigan Legislature recently passed outlawing assisted suicide, I found myself with many mixed feelings. I found myself often feeling bad for the patients Dr. Kevorkian dealt with but more often felt sorry for him that he should be responsible for so many deaths. It is a sad road to travel on when faced with a terminal disease. It includes many harsh realities and many are not prepared to deal with their illness. There are many aspects I chose to look at when preparing to write this paper. A person's self-worth is one and also the doctor's evaluation of a person's self-worth. I chose to take my own personal stand on the issue, which includes my own opinions, feelings, and thoughts on the many controversies surrounding Euthanasia. I also chose to write about the "Slippery Slope" for I find it to be a very relevant and useful tool in looking at the topic of Euthanasia. This is a very interesting subject to me for I look ahead at the next few years of many painful deaths for a family that is getting very old. When looking at someone's self-worth†¦what they feel they can offer, you have to put into perspective what they are dealing with. Of course, someone who is slowly dieing of a terminal disease is going to find their self-worth at virtually nothing. They are depressed and in pain and are not capable of doing things on their own any longer. What pride is there in that? Most people find none. On a more personal level, I would find pride in waking up each day, and in waking up each day trying to find something to smile about. I could find pride in knowing that even though I am dieing†¦and I am in pain†¦that I am still able to be strong for the people who love me. I find pride and dignity in that and that makes my self-worth†¦something worth saving. I have been brought up in a Catholic family. Therefore, many of my opinions on controversial issues such as this stem from my upbringing. However, I have been able to do the research and form my own opinions. And, even so, I still think assisted suicide is wrong. When one person is responsible for the stopping of another person's heart from beating, it should be considered murder. And, I equally agree that it shouldn't have taken a case where

Personnel Management vs Human Resource Management

Personnel Management vs. Human Resource Management Word count 2500| January 30 2012 | HNBS 121 HRM Mr. Nick Pronger Diana Carvalho 09607 | | Self evaluation Prior to starting my assignment, I have researched and assessed various organisations to develop my case study and my choice was based on the proximity to one organisation I currently volunteer. Gathering information from the charity I volunteer was rather easy having access to the date I found it easy to select which information to collect and apply into my assignment.However, I had also provided information based on my personal experience. Through my assignment, I have used varied material sources such as, the lecture handouts, text books, the internet, articles, journals and personal experience. However, the lecture handouts were the most effective and straight forward as I was able to follow the template and apply it into my assignment by giving examples, where as text books had broader information, where I was able to get fu ll extended information but had to do more reading that I would like to in order to gather one aspect of a concept.In addition, my internet research reservations was the accuracy, validity as well as how updated it was, therefore, I looked for definitions rather than theories online, due to the language barrier and English not being my mother tongue, I was required to use dictionaries very often to define certain terms, I was unable to understand otherwise and could undermine further the assignment content and would ultimately lead me to the wrong direction and deliver wrong information.My time management was poor, which I intend to improve on my next assignments in other to give myself the spare time necessary researching, gather relevant information and receiving lecturers’ feedback before submitting my assignments. IntroductionOver the past twenty two years, since the world moved from personnel management, traditionally defined as â€Å"the task of ensuring the optimum us e of human resources to the mutual benefit of the enterprise, each person and the community at large† Armstrong (1997), to embrace human resource management, defined as â€Å"a strategic approach to acquiring, developing, managing, motivating and gaining the commitment of the organisation’s key resource – the people who work in and for it† Armstrong (1997), which functions are primarily concerned with putting â€Å"people first† and at the same time securing management objectives by maximising the ROI (Return on Investment). The manager in HRM is recognised as a holder of an organisation, which achieves organisational objectives through people, therefore, the support of a skilled and motivated workforce to put goals, knowledge and experience into practice, the complementation of efficiency levels can make or break an organisation. Personnel manager’s main job was to ensure that the needs of the workforce as they relate to their immediate conc erns were taken care of, it was more administrative, which included recruitment and selection, payroll, contractual obligations and other administrative tasks.Further, personnel managers typically played the role of mediators between the management and the employees and hence there was always the feeling that personnel management was not in harmony with the objectives of the management and many employers today have no training or knowledge of how to reward and treat employees as the key resource, for developing mutuality by concentrating on fostering their commitment and identification with the organisation through communicating well, involving them in organisational decisions, emphasising management and motivation strategic approach in order to retain them, even though most workplaces increased the importance of these concepts. Research methodology Secondary research * Books; * Articles; * Reports; * Online CIPD In order to acquire these resources I have gone to the Kensington & Ch elsea Library as well the British Library. Research findings In the 70s employment started to develop significantly as shown in figure 1. 1.Personnel techniques developed using theories from the social sciences about motivation through performance appraisal and manpower planning, which included the implementation of organisational behaviour through sophisticated systematic training (under the influence of the training boards), where selection testing became more widely used. Personnel management has gone through a period of major concern about the so-called demographic time bomb, referring to impeding unwelcome shortages of younger people entering the labour market. The recession of the early ‘90’s was affected by this problem, which is still a common place today, and the need to concentrate more on strategies for attracting and retaining high quality staff is just as urgent.The mentality of individualism and unjustifiable greed of the 80’s made way for the spiri t of consent and the value of teamwork as well as the concern for employees who were essential to the operation of the organisation since high commitment was required from these employees please refer to figure 1. 2. Recognition of personnel function as a contribution to bottom-line performance have become a more important strategy where an employer is a business partner sharing responsibility with his employees; the most important assets in an organisation, which their effective management will contribute to organisations’ success and it is most likely to be achieved if policies and procedures are closely linked with the achievement of organisational objectives and strategic plans. The organisational climate and managerial behaviour that originated from corporate culture and values will bring a major influence on the achievement of excellence. Strategic HRM is the process of linking the human resource function with the strategic objectives of the organisation in order to imp rove performance† Bratton & Gold (2007) Hestia is an empowering organisation, whom welcomes everyone, especially members a minority background. Human resource management department assists in developing volunteers’ skills through training in order to retain and empower them but as well achieving as Hestia organisational goals through a competence and motivated workforce. Hestia priority is to hire competent workforce and hire the right person for the right job, after that manpower decides about other tangible and intangible resources.Essentially, other resources rely on HRM to plan, organise and monitor human resources. HR department contribution to overall strategy is crucial for Hestia’s ultimate success and effectiveness, from areas ranging from strategic planning to image, the areas in which HR maintains control can enhance Hestias’ perception of the department throughout the workforce, improving Hestia’s essence and running with the knowledge o f how human capital affects organisational success. Strategic management takes part in organisational decision-making which underlies present staffing assessments and projections for future workforce needs based on organisations demand.From a financial perspective, skills and experience are necessary in order to set realistic development structures in regards to wages competition with organisations competing for employees with similar skills, the extensive conduct salary surveys in order to maintain costs in line with the organisation's current financial status and projected revenue, as well as the reduction of costs associated with turnover, attrition and hiring replacement workers, the ability to negotiate group benefit packages for employees, within Hestia’s budget and consistent with economic conditions, the department is also are familiar with employee benefits most likely to attract and retain workers. Under The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASAWA) 1974 Hestia is boun d to provide safe working conditions and HRM manages and ensures that the organisation complies with the regulations by maintaining accurate work logs and records and developing programs that reduce the number of workplace injuries and incidents by engaging employees in promoting awareness and safe handling of dangerous machinery and hazardous chemicals under The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 1998 legislation.In case of dispute, HRM department investigates and attempts to mediate workplace issues, which unresolved, may escalate and place the Hestia in a legal dispute, which can stain its image as well as compensation pay outs to employees if found accountable. HR assists Hestia achieve high performance, morale and satisfaction levels throughout the employees, by promoting ways of strengthening good working relationships by administering employee opinion surveys, conduct focus groups and seek employee input regarding job satisfaction, also provides training that s upports the company's fair employment practices and employee development to prepare ambitious leaders for supervisory and management positions. They provide guidance to line managers who are not familiar with HR or standard hiring processes and determine the most effective methods for recruiting applicants best suited for Hestia’s needs.In HRM, â€Å"reward refers to all of the monetary, non-monetary and psychological payments that an organisation provides for its employees in exchange for the work they perform† (Bratton & Gold, 2007) â€Å"The average worker dislikes work and avoids it if possible – will only be made to work by control and threats. Carrot and stick approach; use of payments system to provide incentives† McGregor (1960) and its management process designs, implements, and maintains policies and systems in order to assist on organisational strategic plans, which are appointed to improve performance and productivity by attracting talent, ret aining, encouraging a committed and efficient workforce according to their value and contribution to the organisation. The role between managers and HR department leads to effective HRM practices, e. g. , performance appraisals.The success of Hestia’s performance appraisal system depends on the ability of both parties to do their jobs appropriately. HR department develop the system, while line managers provide the actual performance evaluations. Line managers direct employees' day-to-day tasks. From an HRM perspective, line managers are responsible for implementing HRM practices and providing HRM with necessary input for developing effective practices. Managers carry out many procedures and methods devised by HR professionals such as: * Placing the right person on the right job * Starting new employees in the organisation * Training employees for the jobs that are new to them * Improving the job performance of each person Gaining creative cooperation and developing smooth wor king relationships * Interpreting the organisation’s policies and procedures * Controlling labour costs * Developing the abilities of each person * Creating and maintaining department morale * Protecting employees’ health and physical condition * Interview job applicants * Provide and communicate job performance ratings * Recommend salary increases * Carry out disciplinary procedures * Investigate accidents * Settle grievance issues Hestia Legal Framework: Hestia operates policies and practices in line with statutory requirements. The present statutory framework applied includes e. g. , the legislation bellow: Gender: * Code of practice – sex discrimination Code of practice on equal pay * Gender Equality pay – Code of practice of England and Wales Race: * Statutory code of practice on racial equality in employment * Statutory code of practice on the duty to promote race equality * Statutory code of practice on racial equality in housing: England Disabilit y: * The duty to promote equality; statutory code practice: England and Wales * Code of practice: Employment and occupation * Guidance on matters to be taken into account in determining questions relating to the definition of disability Hestia legal and regulatory framework on human resource management has a great impact especially among the minority group.Being a charity assisting people gaining control over their lives, guiding and providing housing support as well as empowering mainly homeless, ex offenders, people mental health and HIV issues, service users get attached to the organisation and tend to volunteer, and in some cases end up getting paid employment within the organisation, therefore, a strong legal framework emphasis, specially confidentiality, it is crucial, due to the nature of service users situation. Motivation is defined as McGregor (1960) stated in, theory Y, the mental process also called as â€Å"Intrinsic motivation† which, is the motivation that come s from the inside of the individual due to self gratification of completing or carrying a task rather than the external factors, such as pay and rewards and theory X; the social process also called as â€Å"Extrinsic motivation† which, is the motivation that comes from the outside of an individual due to external factors, such as pay and rewards being the main gratification, thus tasks are carried and/or completed as a result.Within an organisation different individuals and teams are motivated by different factors, these factors have different levels as shown below on figure 1. 1 on Maslow’s need theory (1954), which suggests that people’s ultimate goal is to fulfil each level of need until self actualisation is satisfied, different ways of motivation, flexibility and commitment as McKenna and Beech (2002, p. 189) suggested such as the â€Å"appropriate management style, competitive compensation package and supportive culture† (cited by Armstrong and Murl is, 1994) will promote organisation success. Some would disagree with Maslow’s theory due to the fact that individuals’ needs vary, e. g. self-actualisation is not imperative to being successful for everybody, or an individual’s needs that are being met at home do not need to be met at the workplace but the theory establishes that ‘higher order needs’ will have to be aligned with rewards and incentives in order to motivate and satisfy and this approach enables organisations to understand the sort of rewards employees need to receive in order to have the following needs met: Training, opportunities for promotion and career progression| Recognition, the chance to make a difference| Staff room, team working opportunities | Health and safety provision, job security| Pay, decent working conditions | Figure. 1. 3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs & the Workplace Figure 1. 4 Herzberg’s Two-Factor TheoryHerzberg’s theory defined Motivators as factors, also called intrinsic rewards which can motivate employees to greater performance and positive attitude by offering job satisfaction of ‘higher-level needs’ associated with recognition, responsibility, achievement and career progression, proven to be effective. Hygiene factors, also called extrinsic rewards, which can only cause dissatisfaction if not fulfilled, needs associated with company policy, pay, working conditions and organisations, must ensure that motivators exit so that employees are satisfied and that hygiene factors are met so that employees are not demotivated. Herzberg’s theory has also been criticised particularly of job satisfaction on work performance â€Å"A satisfied worker is not necessarily a high producer and a high producer is not necessarily and satisfied worker† Armstrong, 2003).The two factor theory, focused mainly on job design, challenge, empowerment, responsibility, recognition and contentment of the work. Based on McClelland theory, high achievers are unlikely to remain in jobs that do not pay them well, reinforcing pay as a hygiene factor but total reward concept, seems to be the most effective in order to motivate employees as it combines extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Most people aim when applying for employment is to secure an income, Taylor approach known as scientific management â€Å"What the workmen want from their employers beyond anything else is high wages, and what employers want from their workmen most of all is low labour cost of manufacture. (Taylor, 1911), his theory, was further explained as instrumental orientation, when people saw work as purely a form of income that may provide them with the opportunity in obtaining the things that the worker really wants, even though they might not necessarily like their job. The essence of scientific management is regarded as efficiency, which is the greatest output per unit of input, and workers get good rates of pay based on their p roductivity, demonstrating that output was influenced on other factors other than pay, although the size of income will impact on employees’ standard of living, most employees are mostly concerned with earning enough income to meets their needs, and know that their pay is fair in comparison with others, where legislation come into play under the equality Act 2010, the employment rights Act 1996 and the national Min wage Act 1998.Job evaluation is a systematic assessment of the respective worth of various jobs within organisations or industries in order to determine relationships between jobs and establish an internal outlook and design impartial wage rates structure and managing view. It is concerned with the internal outlook, which is, employees doing the same kind of work, receive the equal rewards. Job evaluation quantifies differences between jobs and lays them into groups and ranking order and can be categorised as follows: Scheme | Characteristics | Advantages| Disadvan tages | Factor comparison| Each job is compared individually in turn with all others being evaluated.Points awarded according to whether the job is more, less or equally demanding than the jobs with which it is being compared, points are added to determine the rank order and the scores are analysed and discussed. | Easier to compare a job with one other job than with whole range of jobs. | It neither explains why one job is more important than the other nor assesses differences between them. | Points rating| Separate factors are scored to produce overall points. | Consistency in judgement is assisted by having defined factor levels. Considered the best system in equal value. | Complex to maintain. Objectivity is apparent, subjective judgement required to rate jobs of different factors. Ranking| Whole job comparisons made to place them in order of importance| Simple, cheap, and easy to understand| Complex, whilst determining middle range jobs, and bias whilst assessing of the perform ance of the employee rather than the job itself| Job classification| Job grades defined and slotted into grades by comparing the whole job description with the grade definition| Simple, judgment is provided in the shape of grade definitions | Difficult to fit complex jobs into a grade without using elaborate grade definitions. | Competence & skill grading| Jobs placed in grades in accordance with level of competence/skill| Based on one input factor. Direct pay structure. Non-analytical, difficult to differentiate clearly between competence/skills levels. | Other factors determining pay Competence and skill analysis: Employee’s competence relevance to the needs of the organisation based on operational significance. External systems: when examining job evaluation is not longer the direct consideration where rewards is concerned, eternal market and environment conditions are of greater importance. A large number of employers have taken steps to move away from collective bargaini ng systems to a more individualised reward system. Performance related pay is a good example of this, which is a payment that takes into account the quality of performance instead of being related to a wage grade.External competiveness associated with a job evaluation scheme is a issue in determining rewards and this is evident when organisations adopt market driven reward systems where the rate for the jobs reflects the rate required to attract rather than being based on a payment that is undermined by an internal grading structure. Market rates of pay system: the collection of data on the pay rates for similar jobs with competition to establish their market rate and track movements in those rates. The aim is to assist set the organisation’s own pay rates at the suitable level in order to recruit and retain the staff. Although the concept of a market rate for a job is fairly common, there is no such thing as an accurate or scientific single rate of pay for a job or role, and rates may vary even for the same occupation and in the same location.A central decision relates to how the data will be interpreted, and for this organisations need to consider where they wish to position their pay levels in relation to the market – for example at the median or the upper quartile level of pay in the external labour market. Most organisations use pay surveys to get current and updated pay rate and the sources of information on market rates include: Published data from paid surveys and similar organisations give indication of going rates, it is limited because of problems in comparing like with like, but can help with periodic reality checks on levels and movements, and are valuable sources of data on specific occupations or localities. Pay clubs of employer groups that regularly exchange information on pay levels. These only allow participants access to the data.Special surveys launched by individual organisations from specialist pay consultancies but access is limited to the contractor and participants. Consultants’ pay databases containing data collected on a systematic or ad hoc basis which they relate to the results of their job evaluation schemes to compare pay rates across organisations on a common basis: this ability is one of the attractions of job evaluation to many organisations. To be viable it is important that the factors measure common job/role characteristics and can enable comparisons to be made across different jobs/roles and organisations; the data is based on an adequate sample; and the job analyses are carried out systematically and conscientiously.Market rates of pay will vary on supply and demand in the open market, factors such as: 1. Relative scarcity of particular skills 2. Sensitivity of employees to pay, as it may or may not be an incentive 3. Affordability 4. Culture and value system 5. Bargaining (trade union) 6. Government intervention Internal comparison: It is possible to use job evaluation as a wa y of matching jobs to enable market pricing to take place (although other approaches also exist to comparing jobs, as detailed below). However, there are certain tensions between job evaluation and market pricing approaches. Job evaluation has an internal focus as it ranks jobs and their relative mportance within an organisation – whereas the main focus of market pricing is external as it aims to compare the pay rate for an organisation’s jobs with those in the wider labour market. Employers may need to seek resolutions to such tensions if they wish to ensure that pay rates remain both internally equitable and externally competitive. For example, where higher earnings are commanded in the external market for a particular position than justified by an internal job evaluation exercise, one approach would be to use temporary market supplements to top up earnings for that role as necessary. Hestia aims to be a learning organisation with cultures of continuous improvement a nd staff development.To achieve this aim Hestia is committed to supporting everyone who works for the organisation to develop their professional skills and to achieve their full potential and that is achieved by rewarding and enhancing the contribution employees make to assist Hestia achieve their goals. The process is implemented through policies such as the work based learning policy, which is defined as any on-going and continuous activity that contributes to the development needs of the individual, team and organisation, where the responsibility for work based learning is that of the individual workers supported the line manager. These learning needs will be indentified and the objectives set at the following levels: Level| When set | Objectives set by|Individual| * Induction: when a new workers starts, or an existing worker transfers to a new post * Supervision: when learning needs will be identified to achieve job requirements, or, a requirement to improve performance has been identified * Appraisal: when longer term development learning needs are identified| * Individual & Line Manager| Team| * To enable the team to meet recommendations made by external stakeholders, e. g. CSCI, NOMS, Supporting People * To implement identified efficiency improvements * To implement changes to local working practice| * Project/Department Manager through annual team development team | Organisational | * Implement changes to organisational strategy *Ensure compliance with new, or changes to legislation * To implement the reorganisation of management or work practices | * Corporate management Team| Classification of Work Based Learning Needs: Core| Specialist | Professional| * Essential for all workers e. g. health and safety, induction, implementation of organisational changes| * To meet requirements of specialised work within different projects at a central team or individual level| * Link to relevant national occupational standards recognise the diversity of the work un dertaken within Hestia | | | | Professional Development Fund & Loans – This where Hestia invites employees without outstanding disciplinary actions whom passed their probationary period to apply for funding for a course lasting no longer than two years.Hestia commits to contribute up to a maximum of 50% of the cost of the course fees, which may be recovered if the applicant does not complete the course, or leaves the organisation within completing the course. In addition, Hestia will give an interest-free professional development loan of a relevant extended course, which the Human Resource Manager will determine whether or not the course is relevant. Study Leave & Day Release – Up to five days study leave per year can be agreed where an employee is studying a relevant course. The line manager will determine course relevancy and potential for disruption within the working team and where it does not does not disrupt, Hestia will allow paid day release for employees to at tend extended courses in a relevant area of work.The line manager will need to ensure that the cost of relief staff is within the budget and the Corporate Services Director must approve to the leave and budget release. Evaluation of Work Based Learning Activity – costs and benefits are evaluated in order to assess how effective work based learning activities have been in meeting organisational aims and objectives. The evaluation process is undertaken at a variety of different levels and the output is used to: validate the core plan for the previous year, identify any learning from evaluation that needs to be incorporated into following years core learning plan. Evaluation Level| Undertaken By| Timescales|Individual| Individual and Line Manager| * Immediately after activity (individual) * Two months after learning (line manager)| Team| Line Manager| * Annual to be completed by project/dept manager | Organisational| Corporate Management Team| * Annual to be completed by Human R esources | â€Å"A sample was selected using a random sampling procedure. Population frames were developed based upon geographic regions. A random selection was made of two or three offices within each sales region. A package of the appropriate number of surveys was then sent to each of the selected offices. Further, it was decided that questionnaires would be sent to each of the 75 district managers, regardless of whether their office had been selected for the study. Therefore, 100% of the district managers, 25. 2 1% of the sales mangers and 25 . 4% of the sales agents were surveyed for a total sample size of 534. † Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. Willingness To Increase Productivity On a 7-point scale anchored by â€Å"no additional effort at all† and â€Å"a great deal of additionaleffort,† respondents were asked to indicate how much additional effort they would be willing to exert in order to achieve each in centive reward. Their responses are displayed on the right. They were most willing to exert extra effort for cash, followedby sales conference trips and personal vacationtrips, respectively. These differences are statistically significant. Motivational EffectRespondents were asked to indicate on a 7 -point scale ranging from â€Å"motivating† to â€Å"not motivating,† their reaction to each of the incentives. When simply examining the â€Å"motivating† response category, sales conferences had the highest rating. Almost 65% indicated that they found the reward motivating. This was followed by cash and personal vacation trips, respectively. One of the objectives of the present study was to examine differences in levels of organizational commitment between employees who had received an incentive award in the past two years and those who had not. These two groups are referred to as recipients and non-recipients.In this analysis, only the achievement of cash, merchan dise and conference trip awards were considered. As illustrated in the graph on the right, the two groups differed in their levels of organizational commitment. Therecipients indicated higherlevels of organizationalcommitment than did the non – recipients. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant. â€Å"The three recipient groups were then compared in terms of their levels of organizational c commitment. The cash recipients indicated the highest level, followed by merchandise and conference recipients, respectively. † Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. The returned questionnaires provided valuable information regarding the effectiveness of the incentive rewards at the Company. The findings indicated that: * Sales conferences and personal vacation trips were the most attractive incentive rewards to the respondents. * Travel rewards were followed in attractiveness by cash, merchandise, recognition and status awards, respectively. These findings suggest that in terms of attractiveness, travel rewards were superior to the other incentive options. However, when asked to indicate how much additional effort they would be willing to exert in order to achieve each of the incentives, the respondents were most willing to exert extra effort to achieve cash, followed by sales conference trips and personal vacation trips. Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. Hestia Competence-based appraisal The appraisal is a two-way meeting between employees and the line manager once employees have completed the probation with Hestia. Pos probation period, it is several months until the annual appraisal, employees will be set a work-based and development plan following his/her probation review The annual meeting will usually take place each June/July to provide the employees the opportunity to: * Express how employees have performed in the previous year and to provide examples of how employees have met their outcomes and core competencies. Receive constructive feedback from the line manager on how employees have been performing, both to recognise and assure employees in what they are doing well and to guide them in their on-going work performance and continuous professional development * Discuss how employees are working through a competence-based review, * Identifying learning and development needs and agree the resources they require meet those needs, and * Agreeing relevant and realistic outcomes to achieve over the next twelve months At the end of the meeting employees should develop and work-based development plan which will be signed off by the line manger and reviewed (or possibly amended in light of changes) regularly through the year during employees supervisions.Employees appraisal plan will be review and signed by a a second line manager for consistency and to provide any additional comments. Timeline (Appendix 5) Conclusio n The present analysis was undertaken to answer the question of the value of rewards as motivators for employees. Intrinsic motivational factors have been found to be significant, in both the presence of Hestia’s training scheme and in its absence, this finding of the motivational importance of intrinsic factors within the organisation. Intrinsic rewards dominate extrinsic. Extrinsic motivators do play a role, but not to the extent that classical agency theory suggests a people are motivated by non-economic rewards.In addition, the importance of intrinsic motivators highlights the importance of context in the motivation of staff. It is through the organisation that employees are able to work with clients whom witness their successes, achieve a good work/life balance and have fun at work. Appendixes Figure 1. 1 Employment development Figure 1. 2 Referencing McKenna, E. , Beech, N. (2002) Human Resource Management a concise analysis. England. Armstrong, M. (1991) A Handbook of Personnel Management Practice. London BPP, (2010) Human Resource Management. London Shinew, (1993), The Attractiveness and effectiveness of Incentives Reward Options. NY. Available from: [30/01/2012]